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In the present study, we extended this approach by adding new arguments for the hypothesis that task difficulty might reflect a single amodal quantity (inspired by considerations of physics, economics, and the common code hypothesis for the study of perception and action), and we tested narrower gaps than before to see whether we would find a larger equivalent memory-digit. Consistent with our prediction, we obtained a value of .95. We suggest that our multi-modal two-alternative forced-choice procedure can pave the way toward a better understanding of task difficulty.","mimetype":"application/xml+jats"}],"refs":[{"index":0,"extra":{"authors":["A Albert"],"doi":"10.1093/biomet/71.1.1","unstructured":"Albert, A., & Anderson, J. A. (1984). On the existence of maximum likelihood estimates in logistic regression models. Biometrika, 71, 1–10.","volume":"71"},"key":"2356_CR1","year":1984,"container_name":"Biometrika"},{"index":1,"extra":{"authors":["N André"],"doi":"10.3389/fnsys.2019.00079","unstructured":"André, N., Audiffren, M., & Baumeister, R. F. (2019). An integrative model of effortful control. Frontiers in Systems Neuroscience, 13, 79.","volume":"13"},"key":"2356_CR2","year":2019,"container_name":"Frontiers in Systems Neuroscience","locator":"79"},{"index":2,"extra":{"authors":["M Apps"],"doi":"10.1523/jneurosci.2701-13.2014","unstructured":"Apps, M., & Ramnani, N. (2014). The anterior cingulate gyrus signals the net value of others' rewards. Journal of Neuroscience, 34, 6190–6200.","volume":"34"},"key":"2356_CR3","year":2014,"container_name":"Journal of Neuroscience","locator":"6190"},{"index":3,"extra":{"authors":["M Apps"],"doi":"10.1038/srep16880","unstructured":"Apps, M., Grima, L., Manohar, S., & Husain, M. (2015). The role of cognitive effort in subjective reward devaluation and risky decision-making. Scientific Reports, 5, 16880. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep16880"},"key":"2356_CR4","year":2015,"container_name":"Scientific Reports","locator":"16880"},{"index":4,"extra":{"authors":["TE Baker"],"doi":"10.1016/j.biopsycho.2011.01.010","unstructured":"Baker, T. E., & Holroyd, C. B. (2011). Dissociated roles of the anterior cingulate cortex in reward and conflict processing as revealed by the feedback error-related negativity and N200. Biological Psychology, 87, 25–34.","volume":"87"},"key":"2356_CR5","year":2011,"container_name":"Biological Psychology","locator":"25"},{"index":5,"extra":{"authors":["PR Burgess"],"doi":"10.1080/08990229771051","unstructured":"Burgess, P. R., & Jones, L. F. (1997). Perceptions of effort and heaviness during fatigue and during the size-weight illusion. 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Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 36, 685.","volume":"36"},"key":"2356_CR9","year":2013,"container_name":"Behavioral and Brain Sciences","locator":"685"},{"index":9,"extra":{"authors":["TL Dunn"],"doi":"10.1002/bdm.2018","unstructured":"Dunn, T. L., Koehler, D. J., & Risko, E. F. (2017). Evaluating effort: influences of evaluation mode on judgments of task-specific efforts. Journal of Behavioral Decision Making, 30, 869-888.","volume":"30"},"key":"2356_CR10","year":2017,"container_name":"Journal of Behavioral Decision Making","locator":"869"},{"index":10,"extra":{"authors":["TL Dunn"],"doi":"10.1007/s00426-017-0943-x","unstructured":"Dunn, T. L., Inzlicht, M., & Risko, E. F. (2019). Anticipating cognitive effort: Roles of perceived error-likelihood and time demands. Psychological Research, 83, 1033–1056. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00426-017-0943-x","volume":"83"},"key":"2356_CR11","year":2019,"container_name":"Psychological Research","locator":"1033"},{"index":11,"extra":{"authors":["I Feghhi"],"doi":"10.1037/xhp0000653","unstructured":"Feghhi, I., & Rosenbaum, D. A. (2019). Judging the subjective difficulty of different kinds of tasks. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 45, 983–994. https://doi.org/10.1037/xhp0000653","volume":"45"},"key":"2356_CR12","year":2019,"container_name":"Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance","locator":"983"},{"index":12,"extra":{"doi":"10.1007/s00426-020-01331-2","unstructured":"Feghhi, I., & Rosenbaum, D. A. (2020). Effort avoidance is not simply error avoidance. 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